British Typography History

Pre-Modern British Typographic History

(Click on the REFERENCEs for more information)

The manuscript tradition strongly influenced the first English types. Early printers did not immediately imitate Italian Renaissance typography; they frequently reproduced the Gothic appearance familiar to English readers. (REFERENCE)  The decisive event in English typography was the arrival of William Caxton, (REFERENCE) who established the first printing press in England at Westminster around 1476. His types were primarily Gothic, reflecting the visual expectations of late-medieval readers. Thus, the earliest English typography was more closely related to northern European Gothic typography than to the Renaissance Roman typography developing in Italy. Richard Pynson (Morton Missal) (ILLS), in particular, helped introduce more Continental Renaissance typographic practices into England.

In Tudor England, typography became particularly important during the English Reformation. The printing press was used extensively for Bibles, prayer books, theological works, sermons, royal proclamations, political pamphlets, and controversial religious literature. The Great Bible of 1539 and later English Bibles helped establish important conventions for English book typography.(REFERENCE)

The Elizabethan period produced some of England's most important early printed literature. Important figures included John Day, Richard Field and Thomas Creede. In the seventeenth century, italic became an established companion to Roman type. (REFERENCE) Universities at Oxford and Cambridge developed strong traditions of scholarly book printing. John Fell imported and commissioned a remarkable collection of typefaces and punches, now known as the Fell Types. The Fell Types represented a transitional stage between Renaissance and later English typography. (REFERENCE)

The eighteenth century’s central printing figure was William Caslon. Caslon's types became the quintessential English Old Style typefaces, which were enormously successful in Britain and the American colonies, with the famous phrase, “when in doubt, use Caslon.”(REFERENCE)  John Baskerville (REFERENCE) sought greater refinement and precision than Caslon and provided a transitional face between oldstyle and modern typography.

The Industrial Revolution transformed English typography, providing steam-powered presses, mechanized paper production, improved ink, stereotyping, electrotyping, mass newspapers and posters with commercial printing. The nineteenth century produced new typographic categories designed specifically for display with fat faces, Egyptians, and slab serifs (REFERENCE) with Vincent Figgins, Stephen Blake, and Robert Thorne leading the way.(REFERENCE).



With the Victorian Period, type became increasingly expressive rather than merely functional. (REFERENCE) A Victorian poster might combine many different typefaces on a single page. This period produced what might be called a typographic pluralism—almost every historical style could be revived, exaggerated, or recombined. The Arts & Crafts Movement (1860–1910) with William Morris and Lewis F. Day (REFERENCE) was a reaction against industrialized Victorian printing This movement established the foundation for twentieth-century British book typography.

Twentieth Century British Typography

Twentieth century British typography moves from modern signage through Edward Johnston, humanist sans serif faces with Eric Gill, newspaper typography with Stanley Morison and information and signage type with Jock Kinneir and Margaret Calvert. Digital typography was advanced by Neville Brody, David Carson, Matthew Carter, Jonathan Barnbrook, Phil Baines and Jeremy Tankard. Today England remains an important center for type design, lettering, and graphic design. 



In the early twentieth century, Edward Johnston became a crucial figure in British lettering and typography. Edward Johnston (1872–1944) was a British craftsman who is regarded with Rudolf Koch as the father of modern calligraphy.(REFERENCE) He is best known as the designer of Johnston, a sans-serif typeface used throughout the London underground system until the 1980s. (ILLS) Johnston influenced the typeface designer and sculptor, Eric Gill.

“He accepted a commission from a company which later became part of London Transport, to draw an alphabet for use by photo-litho-transfer on their drawn and lithographed posters. This "Underground Blockletter" of 1916 was for their own use only and was not available elsewhere. It created so much admiration that the Germans produced three block types (Cable, Erbar and Futura) which have had very wide and extensive use. Such is its popularity in America that Cable has perhaps been used more than any other display type ever made. In 1928 Eric Gill's "Gill sans" made a much finer block letter available in general use. It is second only to the "Johnston" from which it is derived, and has become the most widely used display type in Britain.” (p. viii in Writing & Illuminating, & Lettering, with Diagrams and Illustrations by the Author and Noel Rooke, London: Pitman Publishing, 1977)

“Johnston's main work, however, was neither in printing nor in ordinary handwriting, but in formal penmanship, from which the other two had originated. He always maintained the distinction between handwriting and formal penmanship. Formal penmanship remains intrinsically and potentially more important than either of its derivatives and it was through this that Johnston inspired first himself, then others.” (p. viii)



What stood out to this pastor/typographer was the very impressive Christian testimony of his sister, Bridget Johnston, who has “rightly said that the importance of religion in his life can hardly be over-emphasized, but it was not of a usual kind. For him all work was a combination of prayer and praise; it made him feel ill to see work badly done. His active obedience to the two commandments, love of God and love of man, was qualified only when he met contempt for, or subtle disregard of truth. There are, he believed, three main approaches to Truth: Religion, Science and Art, and that creation is the outstanding function of the artist and craftsman, which distinguishes him from the religious or scientific man; that a craftsman's work could be described in the three stages of "embodying, animating and inspiring"; and that the craftsman's creations "inspire the craftsman, embody his idea and give it material life.” (p. ix)

Johnston also devised the simply crafted round calligraphic handwriting style, written with a broad pen, known today as the foundational hand (what Johnston originally called a slanted pen hand, which was developed from Roman and half-uncial forms). Johnston's work demonstrated that typography could function as a coherent visual identity system. His Underground Blockletter has been revived as P22 Underground, available in Adobe fonts.

Eric Gill (1882–1940) combined calligraphy, sculpture, engraving, and type design. His typefaces include Gill Sans, Joanna, Perpetua, Golden Cockerel, Collegium, Ditchling, Judaea and others. While hailed as one of the greatest artist-craftsman of the twentieth century, sexual abuse of his daughters and profligate marriages stained his otherwise excellent typographic reputation. He was a student of Johnston and worked for some time for the Golden Cockerell Press in London.

Unlike Johnston, however, his religious interest in Catholicism and the Roman Catholic Church did not quench or lessen his depraved sexual activities. “This charismatic firebrand was a renegade Fabian socialist, a bohemian friend of Augustus John and Bertrand Russell. His adventurous life, as re-created in this beautifully written, absorbing biography, is disturbingly relevant to our time.” (Eric Gill by Fiona McCarthy, Faber and Faber Ltd)

Gill Sans was released in 1927. “Revivals include Bitstream's Humanist 521 and its Cyrillic extensionParatype’s Humanist 521. For a major digital update and revival, see Gill Sans Nova (George Ryan, 2015, Monotype). It extends Gill Sans MT from 18 to 43 fonts. Several new display fonts are available, including a suite of six inline weights, shadowed outline fonts that were never digitized and Gill Sans Nova Deco that was previously withdrawn from the Monotype library. And it covers Greek and Cyrillic.” (https://luc.devroye.org/fonts-26302.html) Gill Sans Nova is available as a font with 43 iterations, from Extra Condensed through Ultra Bold.

Luc Devroye writes that “Golden Cockerell Roman (1929), is from the Golden Cockerel Press. Berry, Johnson and Jaspert write: Designed by Eric Gill, a rounder form of his Perpetua. It has the modest capitals, horizontal serifs and slight differentiation of colour of Gill's other romans. The M is somewhat splayed. The g has a rather large bowl. The t is very short. The italic, cut only for the 14 point size, is a sloped roman except for the a and with it are used the roman capitals, as in the case of Joanna.” The sample cited here is from fontsgeek.com. (luc.devroye.org)

Perpetua was released by Monotype (1928–29), and Joanna (1930) is a slab serif based on work by Granjon. Monotype's metal typeface Joanna dates from 1958. “Berry, Johnson and Jaspert write: Designed by Eric Gill for Hague & Gill in 1930. A light roman with small horizontal serifs and little differentiation of color. The type is remarkable for the smallness of the capitals, which do not reach the height of the ascenders, themselves not tall. The bowl of the g is rather large. The italic is the roman inclined except for a and g. The inclination is very slight. There are no specially cut capitals, but the modest roman capitals are used. This was the practice of Aldus, the first printer to use italic.” (luc.devroye.org)



Gill's work combined humanist proportions, calligraphic influence, geometric simplification, and relatively open forms. It became strongly associated with British modernism and corporate typography.

Stanley Morison and Times New Roman. Stanley Morison (1889–1967) was a British typographer, printing executive and historian of printing. From the 1920s Morison became an influential adviser to the British Monotype Corporation, advising them on type design. His strong aesthetic sense was a force within the company, which starting shortly before his joining became increasingly known for commissioning popular, historically influenced designs that revived some of the best typefaces of the past, with particular attention to the middle period of printing from the Renaissance to the late eighteenth century, and creating and licensing several new type designs that would become popular. Original typefaces commissioned under Morison's involvement included Times New Roman, Gill Sans and Perpetua. (Wikipedia)

Times New Roman, introduced in 1932, was designed for newspaper economy, readability, compact setting, and relatively small text sizes. It became one of the most used and most popular faces especially in the office world.