All About Romans

Carl Shank • August 1, 2026

All About Romans. No, not the Roman Empire, or the Caesars, or Christ, but the typographic distinction between Old Style Roman and Modern Roman typography. Roman typefaces are among the most influential developments in the history of typography. Although all Roman types descend from the humanist writing of the Italian Renaissance, they evolved into distinct stylistic categories over several centuries. Two of the most important are Old Style (Old Face) and Modern (Didone) Roman typefaces. They differ not only in appearance but also in their historical origins, methods of production, readability, and aesthetic philosophy.


Old Style and Modern Roman typefaces represent two major stages in the evolution of Western typography. Old Style typefaces preserve the humanist ideals of Renaissance calligraphy, emphasizing warmth, balance, and readability. Modern (Didone) typefaces embody the Enlightenment pursuit of precision and refinement, using strong contrast, vertical stress, and delicate serifs to create a dramatic, sophisticated appearance. 


Together, they established the foundation for later serif classifications—including Transitional, Slab Serif, and Contemporary designs—and continue to influence typography in publishing, branding, and digital media today.


Old Style Romans developed during the Renaissance, when printers sought to imitate the elegant handwriting of Italian humanist scholars. Early printers such as Nicolas Jenson and later Claude Garamond transformed handwritten letterforms into metal type.


Nicholas Jenson (c. 1420–1480) was a French engraver, pioneer, printer and type designer who carried out most of his work in Venice, Italy. Nicholas Jenson has been something of an iconic figure among students of early printing since the nineteenth century when the artist William Morris  praised the beauty and perfection of his roman font. Jenson is an important figure in the early history of printing and a pivotal force in the emergence of Venice as one of the first great centers of the printing press.


Jenson's Trademark

Jenson's fame as one of history's greatest typeface designers and punch cutters rests on the types first used in his edition of Eusebius’ Praeparatio Evangelica , which presents the full flowering of the roman type design. a work of Christian apologetics written by Eusebius in the early part of the fourth century AD. It was begun about the year 313 and attempts to prove the excellence of Christianity over pagan religions and philosophies. (Wikipedia)

Claude Garamond, was a French type designer, publisher and punch-cutter based in Paris, France. Garamond worked as an engraver  of punches,  the masters used to stamp matrices, the moulds used to cast metal type. He worked in the tradition now called old-style serif design, which produced letters with a relatively organic structure resembling handwriting with a pen but with a slightly more structured and upright design.


Garamond came to prominence around 1540, when three of his Greek typefaces (now called the Grecs du roi (1541) were requested for a royally-ordered book series by Robert Estienne. Garamond based these types on the handwriting of Angelo Vergecio,  the King's Librarian at Fontainebleau. The result is an immensely complicated set of type, including a vast variety of alternate letters and ligatures to simulate the flexibility of handwriting.


The period from 1520 to around 1560, encompassing Garamond's career as an artisan, was an extremely busy period for typeface creation, with a wide range of fonts created, some apparently for exclusive use by a specific printer, with others sold or traded between them. (Wikipedia)


Old Style Romans were influenced by a revival of handwriting from classical Greek and Roman learning, an emphasis on proportion and harmony, handcrafted punch-cutting and the habit of reading primarily from books rather than newspapers. Representative type faces included Jenson, Garamond, Bembo, Caslon and Palatino


In terms of typefaces, the stroke contrast was low to moderate, with diagonal stress, bracketed serifs and a warm, readable, organic feel to the text. Old Style Romans are excellent for long reading. Old Style serifs are curved, gently bracketed and smoothy connected to the stem of the letter. They have moderate x-height, generous counters, rounded forms and moderate ascenders and descenders. Old Style type was originally produced by hand-cut punches and printed on handmade paper with uneven ink and wooden presses.



Goals for Old Style Romans were readability, beauty, harmony, natural proportion, with the letters appearing almost alive and warm. They were comfortable for long books, provided less eye fatigue, had balanced spacing and were forgiving on lower-quality paper. You will find Old Style Romans in books, academic publishing, Bibles, journals, literary works and educational materials.


Modern Roman typefaces emerged during the Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution (1780–1830). Improvements in paper manufacturing, ink quality, and punch-cutting allowed type designers to create much finer details than were previously possible. The two names most associated with Modern Roman are Giambattista Bodoni and Firmin Didot.


Giambattista Bodoni (1740–1813)) was an Italian typographer, type-designer, compositor, printer, and publisher in Parma, Italy.



He first took the type-designs of Pierre Simon Fournier as his exemplars, but afterwards became an admirer of the more modelled types of John Baskerville. He and and Firmin Didot evolved a style of type called “Modern,” in which the letters are cut in such a way as to produce a strong contrast between the thick and thin parts of their body. Bodoni achieved an unprecedented level of technical refinement, allowing him to faithfully reproduce letterforms with very thin “hairlines,” standing in sharp contrast to the thicker lines constituting the main stems of the characters. (Wikipedia)


Firmin Didot (1764 – 1836) was a French printer, engraver and type founder. Didot invented the word “stereotype” which in printing refers to the metal printing plate created for the actual printing of pages (as opposed to printing pages directly with movable type ), and used the process extensively, revolutionizing the book trade by his cheap editions. His manufactory was a place of pilgrimage for the printers of the world. Firmin Didot is credited with establishing the use of the Didone or "Modern" style of serif  typefaces. The types that Didot used are characterized by extreme contrast in thick strokes and thin strokes, by the use of hairline serifs and by the vertical stress of the letters. Many fonts today are available based on Firmin Didot's typefaces, and are often called Didot as a result. (Wikipedia)


Modern Romans emphasize precision, geometry, elegance and rational design rather than the organic appearance of handwritten letters. Their stroke contrast is very high, with vertical stress, thin, unbracketed serifs, all of which give an elegant, formal and “crisp” feel. They are excellent for display work. They reflect mechanical precision rather than handwriting. Modern Roman serifs are extremely thin, flat, almost hairline and unbracketed. Letters feature a taller x-height, sharper terminals, compressed curves and very fine details.


Advances in printing technology allowed for harder steel punches, smoother paper, better presses and improved inks. Modern Romans emphasize precision, order, symmetry, rationality, perfection, all Enlightenment ideals. They give a dramatic appearance to a project, providing striking headlines and are excellent for fashion and jewelry advertisements. Their disadvantages include thin strokes, which may disappear at small sizes and require high-quality printing or high-resolution screens. You will find Modern Romans in fashion magazine, luxury branding, cosmetics, invitations, certificates, and logos. 


Successful Layout & Design

By Carl Shank • October 13, 2026
Type Trends 2026 Analysis Tiffany Wardle, The Type Founders copy and design service editor, has offered her perspectives on the state of type in 2026 (SEE https://bit.ly/4s5fgNV ) She offers the summary that “no single style has defined 2026.” She, instead, offers that “variety” is the defining feature of 2026 — “traditional and unconventional approaches, maximalism beside restraint, and pairings without an obvious connection that still suit their context.” She notes that familiar or bookish type is found in unexpected roles and scales, that “expressive type is paired with pragmatic type, and that character-rich typefaces used as logotypes with broader use of variable fonts for creativity and performance.” Instead of the traditional typeface advice of carefully selecting faces that harmonize with one another, and the classic sans-serif headlines with serif text, she notes that type in 2026 emphasizes contradiction — “Contradiction gives much current typography its appeal. A bold, mannered display face can sit beside a practical sans serif; the two need no obvious formal connection. Their contrast creates energy. These ideas are not new. Typography has always adapted and recombined earlier approaches for new purposes. What matters now is the particular mix—and the wide range of methods that can feel contemporary at once.” The age-old sage advice, that I posted in 2021, notes this about how to use and combine typefaces — "Robert Bringhurst wisely says — “The best type for a book about bicycle racing will be, first of all, an inherently good type. Second, it will be a good type for books, which is to say, a good type for comfortable long-distance reading. Third, it will be a type sympathetic to the theme. It will probably be lean, strong and swift; perhaps it will also be Italian. But it is unlikely to be carrying excess ornament or freight, and unlikely to be indulging in a masquerade.” ( The Elements of Typographic Style , 91). Jan White echoes this sentiment about choosing type in How To Spec Type — “There is no such thing as 'right' or 'correct' use of type. There is only vivid and eloquent effectiveness, or numbing and misleading ineffectiveness.” (10) Consequently, a math textbook will use a different typeface than a slogan on a can of soda or a bottle of wine. White suggests the following questions for the would-be use of a typeface in any context — [1] Does the way the type is handled in a specific circumstance fulfill its purpose? [2] Is it doing the job efficiently? [3] Is the message coming through clearly and vividly? is the message jumping off the page into the reader's mind crispy and memorably? (10) He goes on to say that “good typography is transparent, like blister-packaging — exposing the content inside and letting it speak for itself.” He agrees with Bringhurst about the use of type ornaments — “too often typography is used like gift wrapping, in the hope that cosmetic prettification will make the package seem more desirable.” (10) So then, “good typography links the verbal with the visual to produce arresting results. Good typography clarifies. It articulates. It elucidates. It expresses meaning.” (11) Many would-be editors and writers and office personnel try too hard when it comes to setting type. With the thousands of possible typefaces that are on the market today, produced by would-be typographers, playing with digital type producing programs, many people can get overwhelmed and confused and frustrated by what typeface to use.”(SEE my blog “How To Choose the Right Type for the Right Job,” March 29, 2021, www.caretypography.com ) This age-old and wise advice has been supplanted, I would suggest, by a post-modern theoretical, indeed theological, cast. Like Dutch De Stijl (See Reference ), or Dadaism (See Reference ), or Psychedelic (See Reference ) or Punk (See Reference ), or Grunge type (See Reference ), the cultural context of rebellion against any typography rules of readability and legibility and well-defined type go out the window in favor of whatever gives “energy” to an ad or a poster or a book that wins the day. Wardle goes on to say about 2026 type combinations — “Unexpected roles. Bookish, text-oriented, or familiar type appears at surprising scales or in applications not usually associated with it. Contrasting character. Maximalist or highly expressive type sits beside pragmatic type, with the overall composition mattering more than obvious stylistic harmony.” She says these contrasts “invite closer attention to the content and reasoning behind each choice.” Post-modernism rejects absolutes and what I would call “common-sense” order and structure. Everyone makes up their own rules, their own agendas, their own type combinations, ignoring centuries of time-tested typography. This is what “feeling contemporary” means. If I am correct, then the 2026 typeface choices and patterns will likewise disappear from regular use. Using what has been called display type for “normal” use betrays one of White’s criticisms — “too often typography is used like gift wrapping, in the hope that cosmetic prettification will make the package seem more desirable.” What is important is what is on the inside of the package, not the audacious gift wrapping.  I would imagine that Wardle would point to White’s other typography notes that say “good typography links the verbal with the visual to produce arresting results. Good typography clarifies. It articulates. It elucidates. It expresses meaning.” She might point out the “energy” aspect of 2026 type choices and combinations and maintain that they accomplish the same thing as White suggests. I am not at all sure about that. Some of Fonts In Use samples below are what Wardle highlights (SEE https://fontsinuse.com ). You make the judgment call.
By Carl Shank • September 9, 2026
Typeface characteristics are the visual and structural features that distinguish one typeface from another. They determine a typeface’s historical appearance, readability, personality, and appropriate use. Useful Ways to Analyze Any Typeface. When examining an unfamiliar typeface, ask these questions in order (provided by ChatGPT) — Does it have serifs? What kind of serifs? How much thick/thin contrast is present? What is the stress angle? What is the x-height? How wide or narrow are the letters? How are the counters constructed? What do the terminals look like? What are distinctive letters such as a, g, e, R, and Q doing? How does the typeface behave in a paragraph—open, dark, dense, airy, mechanical, or calligraphic? What historical or technological process does its construction suggest? What personality does the combination of these characteristics produce? There are a number of online sources to help identify typefaces ( See Feb. 6, 2022 Blog for more explanation and use.) Sources include — MyFonts ( www.myfonts.com/WhatTheFont ), FontSquirrel ( www.fontsquirrel.com/matcherator ) WhtFontIs ( www.whatfontis.com ) Identifont ( www.identifont.com ) is one of the best. Here are the questions it will ask you — Does it have feet (serifs) or not (sans-serifs)? What style is the tail on uppercase Q? What style is the ampersand (the &)? Is the numeral “4” open or closed? What style of vertical line does the Dollar sign ($) have? How high is the center vertex of the uppercase M? Sit on the line or not? What type of bar does the uppercase G have? How far below the baseline does the uppercase J extend? What about the uppercase R? How far does the center bar extend? Is there a gap with the vertical part of the letter? Does it meet or cross the vertical? What about the question mark (?) What shape is the dot at the bottom? Is it circular, square, triangular, rectangular or even missing? The important point is that a typeface should not be identified by a single characteristic. Its identity comes from the interaction of serifs, contrast, stress, proportions, counters, terminals, spacing, and letterform construction.
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